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OpenVZ User’s Guide
Chapter 2. Managing Virtual Machines and Containers
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2.14. Performing Virtual Machine-specific Operations
This section focuses on operations specific to virtual machines.
Contents
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Learning OpenVZ Basics
OpenVZ Overview
OS Virtualization Layer
Basics of OS Virtualization
OpenVZ Containers
OpenVZ Container Hardware
Templates
Hardware Virtualization Layer
Hardware Virtualization Basics
OpenVZ Virtual Machines
Intel and AMD Virtualization Technology Support
Virtual Machine Hardware
Virtual Machine Files
Support of Virtual and Real Media
Supported Types of Hard Disks
Virtual Hard Disks
Split disks
CD/DVD Discs and Images
OpenVZ Configuration
Resource Management
Physical Server Availability Considerations
Managing Virtual Machines and Containers
Creating Virtual Machines and Containers
Choosing OS EZ Templates for Containers
Creating Containers
Creating Virtual Machines
Supported Guest Operating Systems
Virtual Machines
Containers
Performing Initial Configuration of Virtual Machines and Containers
Using cloud-init for Virtual Machine Guest Initialization
Installing OpenVZ Guest Tools
Configuring Network Settings
Setting Passwords for Virtual Machines and Containers
Setting Startup Parameters
Starting, Stopping, Restarting, and Querying Status of Virtual Machines and Containers
Starting Virtual Machines and Containers
Stopping Virtual Machines and Containers
Restarting Virtual Machines and Containers
Checking Status of Virtual Machines and Containers
Listing Virtual Machines and Containers
Cloning Virtual Machines and Containers
Configuring Default Directories
Suspending Virtual Machines and Containers
Running Commands in Virtual Machines and Containers
Deleting Virtual Machines and Containers
Viewing Detailed Information About Virtual Machines and Containers
Managing Templates
Creating Templates
Listing Templates
Deploying Templates
Managing Snapshots
Creating Snapshots
Creating Virtual Machine Snapshots
Creating Container Snapshots
Snapshot Branching
Restrictions and Recommendations
Listing Snapshots
Reverting to Snapshots
Deleting Snapshots
Migrating Virtual Machines and Containers
Migrating Virtual Machines and Containers Between OpenVZ Servers
Offline Migration of Virtual Machines and Containers
Live Migration of Virtual Machines and Containers
Performing Container-specific Operations
Reinstalling Containers
Customizing Container Reinstallation
Enabling VPN for Containers
Setting Up NFS Server in Containers
Mounting NFS Shares on Container Start
Adding Multiple Virtual Disks to Containers
Restarting Containers
Creating SimFS-based Containers
Performing Virtual Machine-specific Operations
Pausing Virtual Machines
Managing Virtual Machine Devices
Adding New Devices
Initialize a Newly Added Disk
Configuring Virtual Devices
Deleting Devices
Assigning USB Devices to Virtual Machines
Configuring IP Address Ranges for Host-Only Networks
Managing Virtual Machines and Containers with virt-manager
Managing Resources
Managing CPU Resources
Configuring CPU Units
Configuring CPU Affinity for Virtual Machines and Containers
Configuring CPU Limits for Virtual Machines and Containers
Using --cpulimit to Set CPU Limits
Using --cpus to Set CPU Limits
Using --cpulimit and --cpus Simultaneously
CPU Limit Specifics
Binding CPUs to NUMA Nodes
Enabling CPU Hotplug for Virtual Machines
Managing Disk Quotas
Managing Virtual Disks
Increasing Disk Capacity
Reducing Disk Capacity
Checking the Minimum Disk Capacity
Compacting Disks
Managing Virtual Machine Disk Interfaces
Managing Network Accounting and Bandwidth
Network Traffic Parameters
Configuring Network Classes
Viewing Network Traffic Statistics
Configuring Traffic Shaping
Setting BANDWIDTH Parameter
Setting TOTALRATE Parameter
Setting RATEMPU Parameter
Setting RATE and RATEBOUND Parameters
Traffic Shaping Example
Managing Disk I/O Parameters
Configuring Priority Levels for Virtual Machines and Containers
Configuring Disk I/O Bandwidth
Configuring the Number of I/O Operations Per Second
Setting the Direct Access Flag Inside Containers
Viewing Disk I/O Statistics
Managing Containers Memory Parameters
Configuring Main VSwap Parameters
Configuring Container Memory Guarantees
Configuring Container Memory Allocation Limit
Configuring Container OOM Killer Behavior
Tuning VSwap
Managing Virtual Machines Memory Parameters
Configuring Virtual Machine Memory Size
Configuring Virtual Machine Video Memory Size
Enabling Virtual Machine Memory Hotplugging
Configuring Virtual Machine Memory Guarantees
Optimizing Virtual Machine Memory with Kernel Same-Page Merging
Managing Container Resource Configuration
Splitting Server Into Equal Pieces
Applying New Configuration Samples to Containers
Managing Virtual Machine Configuration Samples
Creating a Configuration Sample
Applying Configuration Samples to Virtual Machines
Parameters Applied from Configuration Samples
Monitoring Resources
Managing Services and Processes
What Are Services and Processes
Main Operations on Services and Processes
Managing Processes and Services
Viewing Active Processes and Services
Monitoring Processes in Real Time
Determining Container UUIDs by Process IDs
Managing Network
Managing Network Adapters on the Hardware Node
Networking Modes in OpenVZ
Container Network Modes
Host-Routed Mode for Containers
Bridged Mode for Containers
Virtual Machine Network Modes
Bridged Mode for Virtual Machines
Host-Routed Mode for Virtual Machines
Differences Between Host-Routed and Bridged Network Modes
Configuring Virtual Machines and Containers in Host-Routed Mode
Setting IP Addresses
Setting DNS Server Addresses
Setting DNS Search Domains
Switching Virtual Machine Adapters to Host-Routed Mode
Configuring Virtual Machines and Containers in Bridged Mode
Managing Virtual Networks
Creating Virtual Networks
Creating Network Bridges for Physical Network Adapters
Configuring Virtual Network Parameters
Listing Virtual Networks
Connecting Virtual Networks to Adapters
Deleting Virtual Networks
Managing Virtual Network Adapters in Containers
Creating and Deleting veth Network Adapters
Configuring veth Adapter Parameters
Connecting Containers to Virtual Networks
Managing Adapters in Virtual Machines
Creating and Deleting Virtual Adapters
Configuring Virtual Adapter Parameters
Connecting Virtual Machines to Virtual Networks
Keeping Your System Up To Date
Updating OpenVZ
Updating All Components
Updating Kernel
Updating EZ Templates
Checking for Updates
Performing More Actions with yum
Updating Software in Virtual Machines
Updating Containers
Updating EZ Template Packages in Containers
Updating OS EZ Template Caches
Advanced Tasks
Upgrading from OpenVZ to Virtuozzo 7
Migrating Containers from OpenVZ Based on Kernels 2.6.18 and 2.6.32 to Virtuozzo 7
Upgrading from OpenVZ Based on Kernel 3.10 to Virtuozzo 7
Creating Customized Containers
Using Golden Image Functionality
Disabling Golden Image Functionality
Using Customized EZ Templates
EZ Template Configuration Files
Creating Customized EZ Template RPMs
Enabling VNC Access to Virtual Machines and Containers
Enabling VNC Access to Virtual Machines
Enabling VNC Access to Containers
Connecting with a VNC Client
Managing iptables Modules
Using iptables Modules in OpenVZ
Using iptables Modules in Containers
Configuring iptables Modules
Using conntrack Rules and NAT Tables
Creating Configuration Files for New Linux Distributions
Aligning Disks and Partitions in Virtual Machines
Aligning Partitions
Checking Partition Alignment in Existing Virtual Machines
Linux Virtual Machines
Windows Virtual Machines
Aligning Disks for Linux Virtual Machines
Aligning Partitions for Windows Virtual Machines
Creating a Template of a Virtual Machine with Aligned Partitions
Installing Optional OpenVZ Packages
Integrating OpenVZ with OpenStack
Troubleshooting
General Considerations
Kernel Troubleshooting
Using ALT+SYSRQ Keyboard Sequences
Saving Kernel Faults (OOPS)
Finding a Kernel Function That Caused the D Process State
Container Management Issues
Failure to Start a Container
Failure to Access a Container from Network
Failure to Log In to a Container
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